- In this complex, specialist market around half of all contracts are based on long-term agreements. The remainder is traded on a spot basis. We have stable, long-term relationships with producers, smelters and consumers.
- We source alumina from mines in Australia, Brazil and Guinea. We distribute mainly to smelters in China and India.
- Smelters and refiners buy the metal content in the ore. They deduct treatment and refining charges (TC/RCs). Metal prices, energy prices, freight costs and smelting capacity dictate concentrates pricing.
- We have off-take contracts with mid- and small-tier miners. We source copper, lead and zinc from resource-rich areas in South America, Africa, Canada, US, Indonesia and China. We transport to smelters in Western Europe, China, Southeast Asia, the US and Japan.